Complex and Complicated Challenges
As a leader, it is very useful to be aware of and mindful about the importance of distinguishing between the types of problems you are trying to address. Complicated problems tend to have technical solutions, whereas complex problems – like most challenges related to addressing disparities or creating opportunity pathways – require collaborative, adaptive solutions and not technical fixes.
“The basic difference between complex problems and complicated problems comes down to whether a problem is solvable or not. Is there a stable outcome? Is there an end state? Can research and expertise provide us with answers? Is the situation predictable? Answer yes to these questions and you have a complicated problem. Answer no and you have a complex one. It comes down to the difference between building a community and building a building.”
- Chris Corrigan, 2015
Ways to help distinguish between complex and complicated problems:
Complex challenges aren't simply "solvable" in the traditional sense; they require ongoing adaptation and learning. Complicated challenges, however, can be definitively solved.
To address a complex challenge – like redesigning pathways to opportunity – focus on identifying emerging patterns and amplifying promising approaches. For complicated challenges, analyze specific data points and apply structured problem-solving methods.
When working in complexity, pay attention to what's working and ask "why?" For complicated issues, focus on measurable goals and study gaps by asking "why not?"
Complex challenges are informed by stories and experiences that resonate across diverse contexts. Complicated problems benefit from established practices and rule-based solutions.
Complex challenges require collaborative leadership that engages multiple perspectives. Complicated challenges more often benefit from specialized expertise.
In complex situations, truth emerges through lived experiences and narratives. In complicated situations, truth is found in measurable facts.
Working in complexity requires constant awareness of subtle shifts throughout the organization; rigid vision statements alone aren't sufficient. Complicated scenarios benefit from clear vision statements and logical step-by-step planning.
In complex systems, future possibilities already exist in small pockets within the current system. In complicated systems, the future state is more predictable and the path more defined.
In addressing complex challenges, solutions often emerge unexpectedly and indirectly, requiring processes that welcome innovation and surprise. Complicated challenges can be approached directly with established methodologies and clear action plans.
References
Corrigan, C. (2015). “Simple distinctions between complicated and complex.”
Snowden, D. (2021). “Cynefin Framework.” Cynefin.io. Cognitive Edge.